ODJECI DRUGOG VATIKANSKOG SABORA. KATOLIČKA CRKVA U POLJSKOJ I JUGOSLAVIJI 1965-1970.

Paweł Wawryszuk, ODJECI DRUGOG VATIKANSKOG SABORA. KATOLIČKA CRKVA U POLJSKOJ I JUGOSLAVIJI 1965-1970.

DOI: 10.29362/2022.2619.waw.359-374

Drugi vatikanski sabor i njegovi zaključci bili su jedan od najznačajnijih događaja u novijoj istoriji Katoličke crkve. Komunističke vlasti su mu pridavale veliko interesovanje, pošto su pape Jovan XXIII i njegov naslednik Pavle VI postali zagovornici tzv. „nove istočne politike Vatikana“. Sabor i u Varšavi i u Beogradu usvojen je sa nadom da će politika Svete stolice postati realnija prema narodnoj vlasti, što će oslabiti položaj lokalnih episkopata. Između ostalog, zbog toga su u Jugoslaviji 1966. godine intenzivirani razgovori sa Vatikanom u cilju zaključivanja istorijskog Protokola, koji je u početku regulisao međusobne odnose. S druge strane, u Narodnoj Republici Poljskoj, u senci proslave 1000. godišnjice postojanja države (tj. „pokrštavanja Poljaka“), došlo je do nemilosrdnog obračuna sa Katoličkom crkvom, čiji je cilj bila „borba za duše“. U ovom slučaju nije bilo čak ni mogućnosti kompromisa, jer je vaga stavila stvar na nula-jedan. Pokušali su da ometaju proslavljanje verskih proslava, torpedovana je mogućnost dolaska Pavla VI u NR Poljsku, a svim predstavnicima Crkve iz Jugoslavije zabranjen je ulazak. Kraj šezdesetih godina prošlog veka obeležili su akutni društveni i međunarodni sukobi. „Šestodnevni rat“, tzv. „Martovski događaji“ 1968. godine u Narodnoj Republici Poljskoj, intervencija zemalja Varšavskog pakta u Čehoslovačkoj i studentski protesti u Jugoslaviji – uticali su na oblikovanje odnosa države i crkve u obe zemlje. U Jugoslaviji su vlasti krenule ka uspostavljanju punopravnih diplomatskih odnosa sa Vatikanom, što je rezultiralo zvaničnom, istorijskom posetom maršala Tita Vatikanu 1971. godine (iako je prvobitno bila planirana za 1970). U Narodnoj Republici Poljskoj, međutim, umereni položaj episkopata na čelu sa kardinalom Stefanom Višinjskim u kriznim situacijama učinio je Gomulku svesnim da Crkva može biti faktor stabilizacije društvene situacije. Došlo je do svojevrsnog „primirja“ između strana. Gomulkino uklanjanje sa vlasti u decembru 1970. otvorilo je novo poglavlje u odnosima između države i Crkve.

 

Paweł Wawryszuk, ECHO OF THE SECOND VATICAN COUNCIL CATHOLIC CHURCH IN POLAND AND YUGOSLAVIA, 1965-1970

The Second Vatican Council and its conclusions were one of the most significant events in the recent history of the Catholic Church. Communist authorities in Poland and Yugoslavia attached great importance to it, as Popes John XXIII and his successor Paul VI became adherents of ‘the new eastern politics of the Vatican’. The Council in both Warsaw and Belgrade was adopted with the hope that the policy of the Holy See would become more realistic towards the communists, which would weaken the position of local episcopates. Among others, for this reason in Yugoslavia in 1966 talks with the Vatican were intensified in order to conclude a historic Protocol, regulating mutual relations. In the People’s Republic of Poland (PRL), in the shadow of the celebrations of the 1000-anniversary of the state (i.e., religious ‘baptism of Poland’), there was a ruthless confrontation with the Catholic Church, the aim of which was to ‘fight for souls’. In this case, there was not even a possibility of a compromise, because the authorities put the matter on a zero-one scale. They tried to hinder the religious celebrations, the possibility of Paul VI coming to PRL was torpedoed, and all representatives of the Church from Yugoslavia were forbidden from entering. In the end of the 1960s several acute social and international conflicts took place. The ‘Six-Day War’, the so-called ‘March Events’ of 1968 in Poland, the intervention of the Warsaw Pact states in Czechoslovakia, and students’ protests in Yugoslavia – influenced State-Church relations in both countries. In Yugoslavia, the authorities moved towards establishing full-fledged diplomatic relations with the Vatican, which resulted in the official, historic visit of Marshal Tito to the Vatican in 1971 (although it was originally planned for 1970). However, in the Polish People’s Republic the moderate position of the Episcopate headed by Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński in the face of crises made Gomułka aware that the Church could be a factor stabilizing the social situation. Between the State and Church some kind of ‘cease fire’ took place. Gomułka’s removal from power in December 1970 opened a new chapter in relations between the state and the Church.